Thousands of rent-controlled tenants in Mumbai paying $20 a month, and often less, are being turned into millionaires by developers tearing down crumbling colonial mansions to build luxury towers for the rich.
South Mumbai, including a stretch of prime land hugging the Arabian Sea, has about 500 dilapidated stone structures dating back to the early 1900s with a potential redeveloped value of about $40 billion, according to Pujit Agarwal, managing director at Orbit Corp. (ORB), a Mumbai-based developer that derives about 80 percent of its revenue from redeveloping old buildings.
“For generations, most tenants were living a hand-to-mouth existence, barely making two ends meet,” said Agarwal, whose firm is one of around 75 vying to oust Mumbai’s rent-controlled residents. “Now, with redevelopment, these tenants have become multimillionaires overnight as capital values of the properties they occupied soared.”
Home prices in Mumbai have climbed to a record 10,833 rupees ($200) per square foot, doubling in three years, according to Liases Foras Real Estate Rating & Research Pvt, a research company based in the city.
Sticking it out for the money comes at a price. Mea Kadwani, 78, survived a roof crashing in on his head when part of the three-story building in the upscale Nepeansea Road area, where he has lived since he was a toddler, collapsed. He wasn’t hurt beyond needing a tetanus shot, he said. Still, he and his wife pocketed $2.5 million after three years of negotiations and decades of paying rent that remained below $20 and peaked at $23 a month in a neighborhood where rents typically top $2,000.
Highest Compensation
“Unlike in the U.S., where people change houses an average eight times, here we are very emotionally attached to our homes,” the bespectacled, white-mustachioed Kadwani said while sipping tea in his relocated residence a few blocks from an Aston-Martin dealership. “Very often, we won’t change residence for three generations or more.”
Only 37 percent of Americans have lived in their homes for more than 10 years, with a median duration of 5.9 years, according to U.S. Census Bureau data.
Kadwani received among the highest compensation given by Orbit to nine tenants in Mukund Mansion, built in 1923, which it plans to turn into a garage to accommodate cars for residents of its adjoining 29-story Villa Orb Annex tower currently under construction. Villa Orb’s 7,700-square-foot (715-square-meter), five-bedroom units are selling for about $12 million, Agarwal said, netting the developer around four times the value of the investment after paying 1 billion rupees to the landlords, 750 million rupees to the tenants, and paying for development.
While half of Mumbai’s 18 million residents live in slums, they don’t get comparable payouts when developers come in. Under a government plan, they are instead able to obtain free housing. Developers must provide slum dwellers at least 269 square feet on plots on which they erect buildings.
Nightmare Tenants
The nine-decade-old mansion is one of many such structures in disrepair, as landlords can’t afford to maintain them on the rock-bottom rents they receive and often shell out more than what they collect on property taxes and repairs. Unable to evict tenants because of Mumbai’s rent-control laws, they are left to watch as market prices soar and their asset values sink -- and sometimes their tenants profit from the spread on subletting to others.
“It’s been a nightmare dealing with tenants,” said Kiran Bhammer, a 59-year-old diamond jewelry designer who with his family collected rents at Mukund Mansion ranging from $10 to $25 from nine tenants for decades after their parents bought it in 1963. “I’ve had cases where a tenant would illegally sublet the apartment, and the person would refuse to leave until I took him to court to evict him.”
Bodily Harm
Bhammer recalls threats of bodily harm when he’s tried to get those subletting to move out.
“Despite all the problems we faced and the threats we received, I couldn’t leave an asset like that,” Bhammer said. “I even suggested to my wife and kids to move to another apartment until this was resolved, but they refused and decided to stick it out with me.”
Kadwani, the tenant, sympathizes with his rent collector and doesn’t blame him for letting the roof fall in.
“The landlord was in a pitiable condition,” he said. “We didn’t expect him to do much for the building given the rents we were paying him.”
The Bombay Rent Control Act of 1947 was introduced to provide relief to the city’s migrants after the partition of colonial India. Rents were set at 1940 levels to prevent owners from charging excessive rates during a time of distress.
In Mumbai, the measures have been amended and the act rechristened the Maharashtra Rent Control Bill, which allows for a 5 percent annual rent increase. The controls have proved so politically popular that they’ve been extended several times, Orbit’s Agarwal said.
N.Y. Lawsuit
The sagas of rent-control are familiar in New York City, where a post-World War I housing shortage prompted temporary rules that were later upheld and extended after World War II, through the 1960s and into the present day.
A lawsuit by landlord James Harmon against the city was rejected in April by the U.S. Supreme Court, which refused to hear the challenge and left intact rules capping prices on almost a million units in a city where rents averaged $3,418 in March. Harmon, who lives in his brownstone home on Manhattan’s Upper West Side along with six tenants, said half of his renters pay $1,000 a month for one-bedroom apartments.
Seinfeld, Friends
Rent control is so legendary that American TV sitcoms and serials have featured it. On “Law & Order,” it appeared as an occasional motive for murder. On “Friends,” Monica inherited her grandmother’s rent-controlled apartment, allowing her and a roommate to pursue low-paying careers without being beholden to Manhattan’s high rents. In a “Seinfeld” episode, a rent- controlled apartment in Jerry’s building became available for $400 a month after his 94-year-old neighbor died, and Jerry’s friend Elaine was told to bribe the superintendent to get it.
The success of Mumbai’s redevelopment model is spurring others to follow. A religious trust is attempting the city’s largest redevelopment project in the 16.5-acre Bhendi Bazaar area. Among the most dense and congested in the city, the locality will be rebuilt by the trust, which plans to move 20,000 residents living in crammed shanties to 350-square-foot units in new towers, according to the trust’s website. The project, estimated to cost at least 15 billion rupees, aims to turn 250 old buildings into multi-story towers over five years.
Cashing Out
The residents of Mukund Mansion were given a choice of either an apartment in the new tower or compensation to move. About 70 percent of tenants usually cash out instead of opting for a redeveloped apartment, Agarwal said.
Kadwani, who had lived in 2,600 square feet, could have bought two such sized units with the money he got had he opted to move 15 kilometers (9 miles) north to the upscale neighborhood of Bandra. Instead he bought an apartment of about the same size on the first floor of a seven-story building in South Mumbai’s Peddar Road area, about five minutes’ drive from his former home.
“I refused an apartment in the redeveloped building, as the idea of staying in these tall towers didn’t appeal to me,” Kadwani said, instead opting for a quiet by-lane with a view of sunlit trees from his living room. “We wanted a similar-sized apartment in the same area as my grandchildren go to schools here, and we have been living here for so many years.”
All tenants haven’t had an easy ride. Mitul Bhatia, a 33- year-old recruitment consultant, and his parents were forced to vacate their 972-square-foot, three-bedroom apartment in South Mumbai after the landlord turned off the water and electricity. Blocked drainpipes caused leaks and a short circuit in the building, he said, adding that they stuck it out until he fell ill with malaria in 2009.
Harassing Tenants
“Whatever he could do to harass us, he did,” Bhatia said. “We would have to climb three floors every day to fill eight to 10 buckets of water since there was no electricity to pump water into the flats.”
With an 81-year-old father, a 72-year-old mother and a battle to recover his health, Bhatia said he accepted an offer for a fifth of the market price and had to move to the suburbs.
“We got very little in the end, way below market rate,” he said. “Prices to buy were too high in the same area, and what we got from the landlord was too little. I feel bad, but my parents feel worse because they had stayed there for decades.”
Some tenants in Bhatia’s building who remained through water and power outages received higher compensation. One of them, who asked not to be identified because he signed a confidentiality clause with the landlord, says he fought in court with the landlord for four years before getting a settlement. The tenant, who had paid a monthly rent of 150 rupees for a 1,600-square-foot unit, received 60 million rupees this month and bought a house nearby.
Faster Development
Mumbai has 19,642 old buildings that need to be redeveloped, Orbit estimates. The city amended development rules earlier this year, defining earlier gray areas that had held up construction and making it easier to negotiate with landlords, Agarwal said.
The new rules allow homeowners to expand their apartments by enclosing spaces such as balconies, flowerbeds and terraces. The definition crystallized the square footage that can be redeveloped, removing earlier discretionary powers that allowed competing developers bidding for the same plot to get different rights based on their construction plans.
That’s helped speed up the changing of Mumbai’s skyline.
“We tried to sell our tenancy rights several times, but the landlord refused to transfer the property to the new tenant,” said Kadwani. “In hindsight, it was a blessing that he didn’t agree, or we would have sold out for a fraction of what we got in the end.”
To contact the reporter on this story: Pooja Thakur in Singapore at pthakur@bloomberg.net
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Andreea Papuc at apapuc1@bloomberg.net
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